Effect of oxygen carriers in microbial and plant cell cultures.

Dissolved oxygen concentration is one of the most limiting factors in aerobic cultures, due to the poor solubility of oxygen in aqueous media. In many processes, the microorganisms growth and production can be affected as a result of insufficient oxygen supply to the broths [1, 2]. To increase oxygen solubility, some methods can be used, such as the increment of aeration or agitation rates or decrease of the solution temperature.

Application of molecular tools for detection of plant viruses

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLRD) is one of the most important virus diseases of grapevines worldwide, causing major economical impact. The disease has a complex aetiology and currently eleven phloem-limited viruses, termed in general Grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaVs), have been identified. Two of the GLRaVs, GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3, are included in the European certification scheme of propagation material. However, the flawed notion that GLRaV-3 is more frequent than GLRaV-1 and that all other GLRaVs are possibly not as relevant for GLRD, has until now precluded the development of specific serological and molecular detection assays and limited the scope of molecular characterization of the viruses known to be associated with the disease. Hence, few studies have addressed the phylodynamics of GLRaVs or even characterized the genetic structure of their natural populations. This generalized lack of molecular information, in turn underlie the deficient capacity to detect the viruses. The phylogenetic analyses were conducted on the basis of the heat shock protein 70 homologue (HSP70h) and the coat protein (CP) genes for GLRaV-1 and the HSP70h, the heat shock protein 90 homologue (HSP90h) and the CP genes for GLRaV-5. The data obtained for GLRaV-1 contributed 83 new CP sequences. This information was combined with previous analysis by other authors and used for the production of new polyclonal IgG, capable of detecting CP variants from all the phylogroups observed. Successful testing of this new tool included tissue print immunoblotting (TPIB) and in situ immunoassay (ISIA). The data obtained for GLRaV-5, contributed 61 new CP and 28 new HSP90h gene sequences. Eight phylogenetic groups were identified on the basis of the CP. Characterization of the genetic structure of the isolates revealed a higher diversity than previously reported and allowed the identification of dominant virus variants. For both GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-5, the effect of vegetative propagation on the virus transmission dynamics was addressed.